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防止手術引起腫瘤轉移

史蒂芬Nemeroff ND在09/12/09 4:53 PM

防止手術引起腫瘤轉移

癌症手術:你需要提前知道

絕大多數癌症治療的基石,是原發腫瘤的手術切除。 這種做法的理由很簡單:如果你可以通過簡單地從它的身體擺脫癌症,治愈的可能可以實現。 不幸的是,這種方法不考慮癌症手術後會經常轉移(擴散到不同的器官)。 經常轉移復發是遠遠超過了原發腫瘤的嚴重。 事實上,在許多癌症的轉移復發,而不是原發腫瘤,最終被證明是fatal.1

在一個令人震驚的諷刺,越來越多的科學證據顯示癌症手術可增加的metastasis.2的風險,這將飛在面對傳統醫學思想,但事實是不可否認的。

以獲得更好地了解如何能增加手術風險轉移,讓我們先來討論癌症轉移的實際過程。 一個複雜的事件序列必須為了在癌症的發生,蔓延到另一個隔離的body.2癌細胞脫離原發腫瘤的一部分,必須首先違反周圍的結締組織的癌症。 一旦癌細胞已打破周圍的結締組織,下一步就是進入血液或淋巴管。 這是說起來容易做起來難,作為進入血管的癌細胞分泌的酶降解基底膜進入血管血液vessel.3進入是非常重要的,有抱負的轉移性腫瘤細胞,因為它使用了作為公路運送到人體的肝,腦,或肺部,它可以形成一個新的致命腫瘤等其他重要器官的血液。

現在,孤獨的癌細胞終於進入了血液,它的問題只有剛剛開始。 血液內的旅行,可以是一個癌細胞的危險旅程。 從快速移動的血液湍流,可以損壞並摧毀癌細胞。 此外,腫瘤細胞必須避免從白血細胞在血液中循環的檢測和銷毀。

完成其航程,必須堅持流氓癌細胞血管襯裡,它通過和退出的血管基底膜降解。 其最終任務是通過周圍的結締組織洞穴到達的器官,這是它的最終目的地。 現在癌細胞的繁殖和形成越來越多的殖民地,作為一個新的轉移性腫瘤的基礎。 時間正在對這些孤立的腫瘤細胞。 這一事件的整個序列必須很快發生,因為這些細胞有一個有限的生命span.1

我們現在看到的腫瘤轉移是一個複雜而艱難的過程。 充滿危險,很少有獨立的癌細胞生存之本艱鉅journey.2癌細胞的概率尚存這次旅程和形成新的轉移可以通過增加任何服務,使這個過程更容易。

在外科醫學雜誌在2009年年報中公佈了開創性的研究中,研究人員報告說,癌症手術本身可以創建一個在體內環境,大大減少了轉移的障礙,癌症細胞必須正常face.2

僅僅是啟示,癌症手術可產生轉移的備用路由,繞過天然屏障有關。 在癌症手術,切除腫瘤幾乎總是破壞腫瘤和/或餵養腫瘤的血管結構的完整性。 這可能會導致癌細胞的擴散到血液通暢,或直接到胸部或abdomen.4-7這種手術引起的“備用路由”這些癌細胞播種,可以大大簡化轉移的路徑。

為了說明這一點,在“英國癌症雜誌”上發表的一項研究在2001年相比有手術切除腫瘤,患有乳腺癌的婦女,誰沒有接受手術的生存與乳腺癌婦女的生存。 正如所料,結果確定手術大大提高了早年的生存。

然而,進一步分析確定,誰動了手術的婦女有8年在穗死亡的風險,這不是明顯在組誰沒有在他們對結果的解釋surgery.8數據,研究報告的作者指出:“一個合理的假說來解釋觀察到的模式的危害功能[癌症死亡的風險是假設...原發腫瘤切除,可能會導致突然加速轉移過程中......”

另一組研究人員在研究結腸癌手術治療的研究評論,大膽遠在他們的結論:“這一發現有力地支持,手術改變疾病的自然過程在大部份的病人人口預期壽命拉長,但也同時縮短在一個較小的子集患者的生存。 因此,實驗和臨床證據支持手術,雖然大大降低了腫瘤的質量和潛在的治療,矛盾也可以增加轉移的發展。“

鑑於這些令人不安的調查結果,個人經歷為他們的癌症手術可以做什麼來保護自己,對轉移的風險增加? 一個有價值的戰略,將檢查所有手術促進轉移的機制,然後創建一個全面的計劃,抵消每一個這些機制之一。

你需要知道:癌症手術

癌症手術切除,通常提供的無病生存的最佳機會。

•越來越多的證據表明,癌症手術本身可能通過許多機制,包括增加的風險轉移(擴散到其他地區):增加粘附腫瘤細胞,抑制免疫功能,促進血管生成,並刺激炎症。

由於轉移性疾病往往是致命的,比原發腫瘤,重要的是要利用預防戰略,以防止癌細胞轉移。

•有助於防止癌細胞轉移的步驟包括:打擊腫瘤細胞粘附,支持免疫系統的健康,加高免疫監視,抑制血管生成,減少炎症,選擇醫生和麻醉師,利用先進的技術,可降低轉移風險。

某些營養物質,藥品,麻醉的類型,和手術技巧與降低風險的轉移。

手術增加癌症細胞粘附

利用附著力,以提高他們的能力,形成在遠處器官轉移手術,其中增加了風險轉移的機制之一是通過提高腫瘤細胞adhesion.9癌症從原發腫瘤細胞。 這些癌細胞必須能夠聚集在一起,形成菌落,可以擴大和發展。 這是不可能的,單一的癌細胞會形成轉移性腫瘤,就像一個人是不可能形成一個繁榮的社區。 癌細胞使用粘附分子,如半乳糖凝集素3,以便他們能夠聚集在一起。 目前對腫瘤細胞表面,galectin-3的表面粘附分子,這些分子的行為,允許獨立的癌細胞堅持每個other.10癌症細胞的血液循環,如粘扣帶使用含住血液襯vessels.11堅持循環腫瘤細胞(CTC)的血管壁為轉移的過程中是必不可少的步驟。

滑下冰冷的山上,有一個人就像沒有停止,如果他們不能搶上東西的希望,不能堅持到血管壁的癌細胞通過血液流無法形成轉移只是將繼續徘徊。 無法含住血管壁,這些循環腫瘤細胞變得像“沒有一個港口的船舶無法停靠。 最終,白血細胞在血液中循環,將目標和破壞反恐委員會。 如果CTC成功綁定到血管壁挖洞他們的方式,並通過基底膜,然後他們將利用galectin-3的粘附分子,堅持機關形成一個新的轉移性cancer.10

打擊癌症細胞粘附

令人遺憾的是,研究表明,癌症手術提高腫瘤細胞的粘附。 在一項實驗中,模擬手術的條件,科學家報告說,癌細胞血管壁的結合增加了250%,比不暴露手術conditions.12因此癌細胞,這是極為重要的接受癌症手術的人採取措施,可以幫助消​​除手術在癌症細胞粘附誘導增加。

改性柑橘果膠

幸運的是,一個自然的補充,被稱為改良柑橘果膠(MCP)可以做到這一點。 柑橘果膠的膳食纖維不被吸收,從腸道。 然而,改良柑橘果膠已被改變,它可以吸收進入血液,並發揮其抗癌作用。 改性柑橘果膠的機制,抑制腫瘤細胞粘附galectin-3的癌細胞表面上粘附分子結合,從而阻止癌細胞粘在一起,形成1 cluster.13改性柑橘果膠還可以抑制腫瘤細胞從循環鎖定到血管內壁。 這是由一個驚人的95%,其中改良柑橘果膠阻止血管內壁粘附galectin-3的實驗證明。 改性柑橘果膠也大大降低乳腺癌細胞粘附血管walls.13

令人印象深刻的研究已經證明改性柑橘果膠的權力,直接抑制癌細胞的轉移。 在全國癌症研究所雜誌“發表的一項研究,改良柑橘果膠管理與前列腺癌細胞注入老鼠,而老鼠沒有收到改性柑橘果膠作為對照組擔任。 肺轉移與會者指出,在對照組的93%,而只有50%的改性柑橘果膠組經驗豐富的肺轉移。 更值得注意的是發現,修改後的柑橘果膠組轉移殖民地的大小減少89%,比控制在一個類似的實驗group.14,飼餵改性柑橘果膠的黑色素瘤細胞注入老鼠經歷在肺轉移的減少大於90%相比,控制group.15

後,在動物研究這些激動人心的發現,改良柑橘果膠,然後把在男性前列腺癌的考驗。 在這項試驗中,10例復發性前列腺癌的男子接受改良柑橘果膠,每天(14.4克)。 一年後,在相當大的改善癌症進展注意到,所確定的前列腺特異抗原(PSA)水平increased.16這是研究中的削減率49不同,其罹患前列腺癌的男子類型改性柑橘果膠的四個星期的週期。 改性柑橘果膠的治療週期後,22%的男性經歷了他們的疾病或改善生活質量的穩定; 12%,有超過24週,病情穩定。 這項研究的作者得出結論:“(MCP改性柑橘果膠)似乎有積極影響,特別是關於遠晚期實體瘤患者的臨床受益和生活質量。”17

請記住,這些前列腺癌的研究對象已經從先進的疾病而痛苦。 它似乎更合乎邏輯的,如果這些患者手術前發起改性柑橘果膠的補充,以防止轉移正在建立殖民地,是成功的實驗室研究。

泰胃美(西咪替丁)和細胞粘附

在改性柑橘果膠,除了眾所周知的過度的非處方藥也可以減少腫瘤細胞粘附發揮了舉足輕重的作用。 西咪替丁俗稱為泰胃美®,是歷史上用於緩解胃灼熱的藥物。 越來越多的科學證據表明,西咪替丁還具有強大的抗腫瘤活性。 西咪替丁抑制癌症細胞粘附阻斷表達粘附分子所謂的E-選擇排隊血細胞表面上的vessels.15癌症細胞鎖存E-選擇上,為了防止血液vessels.18的襯堅持E-選擇素的表達,西咪替丁大大限制了癌症細胞粘附到血管壁的能力。 這種效果是類似的清除血管壁,通常會啟用循環腫瘤細胞綁定魔術貼。

2002年在“英國癌症雜誌”上發表的一份報告中清楚地顯示西咪替丁的強有力的抗癌作用。 在這項研究中,或不西咪替丁(每天800毫克)64結腸癌患者接受化療一年。 西咪替丁組10年生存率近90%。 這是形成鮮明對比的對照組,其中有10年生存率僅為49.8%。 值得注意的是,對於那些更積極的形式與結腸癌患者,10年生存率為85%,與西咪替丁治療者相比,一個令人沮喪的23%,在控制group.19這項研究的作者得出結論,“兩者合計,這些結果,大概是通過阻斷E-選擇素的表達血管細胞和血管內皮抑制癌細胞粘附血管[襯裡]建議西咪替丁對大腸癌患者的有益作用的機制。“這些研究結果支持由另一個研究大腸癌患者,其中20西咪替丁增加短短七天的手術時間定在3年生存率從59%到93%!

這些數據提供了一個引人注目的情況下,為癌症病人,在手術前至少5天,每天攝取至少14克的改良柑橘果膠和西咪替丁800毫克。 這種組合方案,可隨後一年或更長的時間,以減少轉移風險。

防止手術誘發的免疫抑制

免疫系統在對抗癌症方面發揮的重要作用不能被誇大了。 雖然有許多方面,發揮抗癌免疫系統,自然殺傷細胞的作用佔主導地位。 自然殺傷(NK)細胞是一種白血細胞,負責尋找和摧毀癌細胞。 有研究表明NK細胞可以自發地識別和殺死多種癌症cells.21

自然殺傷細胞(NK)活性和癌症

為了說明抗癌作用的NK細胞活性的重要性,一項研究發表在雜誌乳腺癌研究和治療研究乳腺癌手術後不久,女性NK細胞活性。 研究人員報告說,與死亡從乳房cancer.22增加風險水平較低的NK細胞活性,事實上,NK細胞活性降低是一個更好的生存預測比實際的癌症階段。 在另一個令人震驚的研究中,NK細胞活性降低結腸癌手術前的個人有在以下31個月內增加350%的轉移風險!23

手術誘導轉移的可能性,需要免疫系統是非常活躍,在尋找和摧毀癌細胞在圍術期(手術前和手術後的時間立即)叛徒警惕。 可悲的是,許多研究已經證明,在7,24,25 NK細胞activity.6的,在一個不祥的影響,乳腺癌手術的婦女NK細胞活性,減少50%以上的調查大幅減少癌症手術結果後surgery.24第一天,在這越來越多的證據表明,一組研究人員說:“因此,我們認為,手術後不久,甚至短暫的免疫功能紊亂,可能會允許腫瘤[癌症]進入下一階段的發展,並最終形成可觀轉移。“

手術本身可降低NK細胞活性。 這NK細胞的損害作用,手術後立即發生,不可能發生在一個更壞的可能的時間。 NK細胞活性減慢,當它最需要的戰鬥轉移。 手術誘導增加NK細胞活性降低轉移風險相結合,可以接受癌症手術的人帶來災難性的後果。 隨著中說,圍術期提出了一個機會,積極加強免疫功能,增強NK細胞活性的窗口。 幸運的是,眾多的保健品,製藥,醫療干預措施,增強NK細胞活性的接受癌症手術的人。

PSK的提高NK細胞活性

一個突出的自然補充,可以提高NK細胞活性的PSK,(蛋白結合多醣K)特意準備了一個蘑菇雲芝提取。 雲芝已經證明,以加強在多個studies.26-29雲芝的能力,增強NK細胞活性,NK細胞活性有助於解釋為什麼它已被證明大大提高癌症患者的生存。 例如,225例肺癌患者接受放射治療或不PSK(每天3克)。 對於那些更先進的第三階段癌症,超過3次服用雲芝的許多個人活著,五年後(26%)相比,那些不服用PSK(8%)。 PSK的一倍以上五年在這些人的生存與欠發達階段1或2疾病(39%vs.17%).30

A組的結腸癌患者隨機接受單純化療或化療加雲芝,這是兩年。 接收雲芝組有特殊的10年生存率為82%。 可悲的是,組單獨接受化療的10年生存率只有51%,0.31在2004年的“英國癌症雜誌”報導,在一個類似的試驗,結腸癌患者接受化療單獨或結合雲芝(每天3克)兩年。 在一個更加危險的第三階段結腸癌組,5年生存率為75%的PSK組。 這相比,到接收組化療alone.32研究中只有46%的5年生存率已證實雲芝也提高了乳房癌的生存,胃癌,食道癌,並uterus.33-36

保健品,中草藥和藥品,提高NK細胞活性

已被記錄在案,以提高NK細胞活性的其他營養品大蒜,谷氨酰胺,IP6(肌醇六磷酸),AHCC(主動己糖相關化合物),lactoferrin.37-41發現與乳腺癌癌症的小鼠實驗,在谷氨酰胺搭配40%的跌幅在腫瘤的生長在NK細胞activity.40增加2.5倍

德國科學家研究槲寄生提取物的影響,在62個接受結腸癌手術患者的NK細胞活性。 參加者立即隨機接受靜脈滴注槲寄生提取物,然後再給予全身麻醉,或單獨給予全身麻醉。 NK細胞活性測定前和手術後24小時。 正如所料,沒有收到槲寄生組手術後24小時內經歷了在NK細胞活性降低44%。 有趣的是,科學家報告說,該集團接收槲寄生沒有經歷過手術後NK細胞活性顯著下降。 他們去到結束,“槲寄生提取物的圍術期輸液可以預防癌症患者的NK細胞活性的抑制。”42

用於提高NK細胞活性的藥品,包括α-干擾素和粒細胞 - 巨噬細胞集落刺激因子。 可能是這些藥物被證明,以防止手術引起免疫抑制時給予perioperatively.43另一個考慮在圍術期的免疫增強藥物,44白細胞介素2.45

在手術前至少5天,就出現邏輯,以制定一個自然殺傷(NK)細胞增強計劃涉及如PSK,乳鐵蛋白,谷氨酰胺,和其他營養物質。 如白細胞介素-2和粒細胞 - 巨噬細胞集落刺激因子藥物在美國批准,但醫療保險通常不包括他們的圍術期的目的在這裡建議。 要接收免費索取這些營養物質和藥物劑量的最新建議,請致電1-800-841-5433或登錄到我們的腫瘤外科的特別報告。

加高癌症疫苗的免疫監視

一個開明的治療癌症的醫療方法,包括使用的癌症疫苗。 這個概念是使用傳染病的疫苗,腫瘤疫苗的目標,而不是一個病毒的癌細胞,除外。 腫瘤疫苗的另一個顯著特點是,創建從一個普通的病毒,而病毒疫苗,腫瘤疫苗是自體,也就是說,他們從自己一個人的癌症細胞在手術切除。 這是一個關鍵的區別,因為不可能有癌症之間的相當大的遺傳差異。 這種高度個性化的癌症疫苗,極大地放大的識別和針對任何殘留的癌細胞在體內的免疫系統能力。 癌症疫苗提供了具體的識別標記,然後可以被用來發動針對轉移性腫瘤細胞的攻擊成功的癌症的免疫系統。

自體腫瘤疫苗已被廣泛研究,隨機,對照臨床試驗,其中包括1300多名大腸癌患者在手術後的腫瘤疫苗中指出,最令人鼓舞的成果。 這些試驗的報導,降低復發率和改善survival.46不同於化療,這可能會導致嚴重的副作用和毒性,癌症疫苗是一個成熟的長短期safety.47溫柔療法

在2003年報導了里程碑式的研究,與結腸癌的567個人隨機接受單純手術治療,或手術結合來自自己的癌細胞的疫苗。 癌症疫苗組的平均存活時間為7年以上,比接受單純手術組的中位生存期為4.5年。 在癌症疫苗組的5年生存率為66.5%,其中所繪的45.6%,五年生存率為接受手術治療五年生存率明顯的差異alone.48這清楚地顯示單獨定制的癌症疫苗的力量組極大地關注人的自身免疫力,目標和攻擊殘餘癌細胞轉移。

腫瘤外科,血管生成和轉移

癌症僱用聰明的策略在尋求增長和身體內蓬勃發展。 血管新生是從預先存在的血管形成新血管的過程。 新血管的形成,是為兒童的成長和發展正常的和必要的過程,以及傷口癒合。 不幸的是,癌症劫持這原本正常的過程,以提高對腫瘤的血液供應。 新的血液供應腫瘤的血管的形成是一個成功的轉移,因為腫瘤不能生長超出了一個針頭大小(即,為1-2mm)的絕對要求不擴大自己的鮮血supply.49,50

抗血管生成因子

這可能是令人驚訝的學習旨在抑制轉移性腫瘤的生長,身體其他部位的原發腫瘤的存在。 原發腫瘤產生抗血管生成的因素限制增長metastases.51-54這些抗血管生成的因素,抑制新生血管形成的轉移潛能的網站。 令人遺憾的是,手術切除原發癌,也導致在去除這些抗血管生成的因素,並轉移的增長已不再是抑制。 隨著這些限制的取消,現在是為轉移癌的小網站更容易吸引新的血管,促進其growth.55事實上,這些問題的研究人員表示他宣布說:“......切除原發腫瘤可能消除對血管生成的保障從而喚醒休眠微[轉移癌的小網站。“7

As if the loss of angiogenic inhibition by the primary tumor were not enough of a problem, it turns out the surgery causes another angiogenic predicament. After surgery, levels of factors that increase angiogenesis—also known as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)—are significantly elevated. This can result in an increased formation of new blood vessels supplying areas of metastatic cancer. A group of scientists summarized this research quite well when they asserted that “after surgery, the angiogenic balance of pro- and antiangiogenic factors is shifted in favor of angiogenesis to facilitate wound healing. Especially levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are persistently elevated. This may not only benefit tumor recurrence and the formation of metastatic disease, but also result in activation of dormant micrometastases.”2

Nutrients that Inhibit VEGF

Given the metastatic cancer's need for an expanding blood supply, inhibition of angiogenesis would certainly be an integral part of a comprehensive strategy to combat surgery-induced metastasis. To that end, various nutrients have been shown to inhibit VEGF. These include soy isoflavones (genistein), silibinin (a component of milk thistle), chrysin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea, and curcumin.56-62

In one experiment, EGCG—the active constituent of green tea —was administered to mice with stomach cancer. The results demonstrated that EGCG reduced the tumor mass by 60%, while also reducing the concentration of blood vessels feeding the tumor by 38%. Remarkably, EGCG decreased the expression of VEGF in cancer cells by an astounding 80%! The authors of the study concluded “EGCG inhibits the growth of gastric cancer by reducing VEGF production and angiogenesis, and is a promising candidate for anti-angiogenic treatment of gastric cancer.”56

In the evaluation of the research pertaining to curcumin’s anti-angiogenic effects, researchers at Emory University School of Medicine noted that “Curcumin is a direct inhibitor of angiogenesis and also downregulates various proangiogenic proteins like vascular endothelial growth factor…” Additionally, the scientists remarked, “Cell adhesion molecules are upregulated in active angiogenesis and curcumin can block this effect, adding further dimensions to curcumin's antiangiogenic effect.” In conclusion, they commented that “Curcumin's effect on the overall process of angiogenesis compounds its enormous potential as an antiangiogenic drug.”44

Five days prior to surgery, the patient may consider supplementing with standardized green tea extract, curcumin, soy genistein extract and other nutrients that suppress VEGF and thus may help protect against angiogenesis. To receive a free copy of the latest dosing recommendations for these nutrients, call 1-800-841-5433 or log on to the Life Extension Foundation's Cancer Surgery Special Report: http://www.lef.org/featured-articles/Cancer-Surgery-Special-Report.htm

The Choice of Surgical Anesthesia Can Influence Metastasis

The conventional medical approach to surgical anesthesia has been the use of general anesthesia during surgery, followed by intravenous morphine after surgery for pain control. The conventional approach, however, may not be the optimal approach for preventing surgery-induced metastasis. The use of morphine directly after surgery poses significant problems. At a time when immune function is already suppressed, morphine further weakens the immune system by diminishing NK cell activity.63

Surgical anesthesia has also been shown to weaken NK cell activity.64 One study found that morphine increased angiogenesis and stimulated the growth of breast cancer in mice. The researchers concluded: “These results indicate that clinical use of morphine could potentially be harmful in patients with angiogenesis-dependent cancers.”65

Regional Anesthesia and Pain Control

Given the inherent problems associated with the use of morphine and anesthesia, researchers have explored other approaches to surgical anesthesia and pain control. One novel approach is the use of conventional general anesthesia combined with regional anesthesia, which refers to anesthesia that only affects a specific part of the body. The benefits achieved with this approach are two-fold: the use of regional anesthesia reduces the amount of general anesthesia required during surgery, as well as decreasing the amount of morphine needed after surgery for pain control.55

This elegant approach to surgical anesthesia and pain control has been validated in scientific studies. In one experiment, cancerous mice received surgery with general anesthesia alone or combined with regional anesthesia. The scientists reported that the addition of regional anesthesia to general anesthesia “markedly attenuates the promotion of metastasis by surgery.” Regional anesthesia reduced 70% of the metastasis-promoting effects of surgery caused by general anesthesia alone.66

Doctors at Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine compared NK cell activity in patients receiving general or regional anesthesia for abdominal surgery. NK cell activity dropped substantially in the general anesthesia group, while NK cell activity was preserved at pre-operative levels in the group that received regional anesthesia.67 Building upon these encouraging findings, researchers then explored if regional anesthesia can affect metastasis in women undergoing surgery for breast cancer. In a pioneering study, 50 women having breast cancer surgery with general anesthesia combined with regional anesthesia were compared to 79 women who received general anesthesia during their breast cancer surgery followed by morphine for pain control. The type of regional anesthesia used is called a paravertebral block, which involves the injection of a local anesthetic around the spinal nerves between the vertebral bones of the spine. After a follow-up period of nearly three years, dramatic differences were noted between the two groups. Only 6% of patients who received regional anesthesia experienced a recurrence, compared to a 24% risk of metastatic recurrence in the group that did not receive regional anesthesia. Stated differently, women who received regional and general anesthesia had a 75% decreased risk for metastatic cancer. These findings led researchers to proclaim that regional anesthesia for breast cancer surgery “markedly reduces the risk of recurrence or metastasis during the initial years following surgery.”55

在杜克大學醫學中心的醫生相比,僅局部麻醉在乳腺癌手術的婦女的全身麻醉。 外科醫生,而39%的噁心,嘔吐,全身麻醉組所需的藥物,局部麻醉組只有20%需要這種藥物。 麻醉藥物,手術後疼痛控制需要在全身麻醉組的98%相比,只有25%的區域麻醉組。 和96%的婦女接受局部麻醉,回國後在一天內手術相比,有76%的婦女接受全身麻醉。 外科醫生的結論是,可用於減少噁心,嘔吐,手術疼痛,椎旁阻滯[局部麻醉局部麻醉“執行的主要業務為乳腺癌並發症少......最重要的是,顯著提高了患者術後恢復質量誰治療乳腺癌,因此提供了選擇的病人,手術後回家早需要返回。“68

這些研究的結果有極大的影響,為那些接受癌症手術,一組研究人員熱情地宣布:“由於[麻醉]區域技術很容易實現,價格低廉,不構成威脅大於全身麻醉,將很容易麻醉師實施,從而減少疾病的復發和轉移的風險。“55

最後,那些手術後疼痛控制的要求嗎啡可以考慮要求他們的醫生,一個叫曲馬多,而不是藥物。 不像嗎啡,曲馬多不壓制免疫相反function.69,曲馬多已被證明,以刺激NK細胞活性。 在一項實驗中,曲馬多阻塞手術誘導大鼠肺轉移的形成。 曲馬多也防止手術引起的抑制NK細胞activity.70

微創手術減少轉移風險

手術後,身體巨大的身體壓力。 有相當多的科學證據支持該手術創傷小,創傷小,風險較小的轉移,更侵入性和創傷性手術相比。 腹腔鏡手術是一種微創手術,在腹部,骨盆,和其他地區的操作都是通過小切口相比,要大得多需要在傳統的“開放式”手術的切口。

A study published in the prestigious medical journal The Lancet compared laparoscopic to open surgery to remove part of the colon (colectomy) in patients with colon cancer. In contrast to the group receiving traditional open surgery, the laparoscopic surgery group had a 61% decreased risk of cancer recurrence coupled with a 62% decreased risk of death from colon cancer. The surgeons concluded that laparoscopic colectomy is more effective than open colectomy for treatment of colon cancer as assessed by tumor recurrence and cancer-related survival.71 A long-term follow-up of these patients (median time 95 months) reported a 56% decreased risk of death from colon cancer for laparoscopic surgery as compared to traditional open surgery.72 Another comparison of laparoscopic surgery to open surgery for colon cancer reported a five-year survival rate of 64.1% for the laparoscopic group, and a five-year survival rate of 58.5% for the group receiving open surgery.73

Minimally invasive surgery has produced substantial improvements in survival for those with lung cancer. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), a minimally invasive surgery, was compared to traditional open surgery for removing lung tumors (lobectomy). The five-year survival from lung cancer was 97% in the VATS group. This greatly contrasts the 79% five-year survival in the open surgery group.74

Commenting on the use of minimally invasive surgery for lung cancer, surgeons at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center stated that minimally invasive surgery for lung cancer “… can be performed safely with proven advantages over conventional thoracotomy [chest surgery] for lobectomy: smaller incisions, decreased postoperative pain,…decreased blood loss, better preservation of pulmonary function, and earlier return to normal activities… the evidence in the literature is mounting that VATS may offer reduced rates of complications and better survival.”75

Administering Chemo and Radiation Therapies Prior to Surgery

Doctors at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine studied the use of combined radiation and chemotherapy prior to surgery for individuals with esophageal cancer. Twenty-six patients received surgery alone, while 30 patients received radiation and chemotherapy followed by surgery. The group receiving combined treatment had a five-year survival of 39%, while the group treated with surgery alone experienced a five-year survival of only 16%.99

A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2006 compared treatment with surgery alone to treatment with chemotherapy—given both directly before and after surgery—in patients with stomach or esophageal cancer. The five-year survival for the group receiving surgery and chemotherapy was 36%, compared to a five-year survival of 23% in the group receiving surgery alone.100

研究還支持使用在關鍵的圍手術期化療和放射治療。 在一項研究中,544例胃癌患者接受手術後不久,聯合化療和放射治療。 生存進行了比較類似的446名胃癌患者的手術治療組。 術後化療和放療在生存的顯著改善。 單獨手術治療組的中位生存期僅為62.6個月,比在接受術後放療和chemotherapy.101組的平均存活了95.3個月與術後放療和化療相比,使用了類似的研究還表明改善生存手術alone.102

炎症和轉移

癌症手術導致炎症的化學物質,如白細胞介素1,白細胞介素-6.76-78這些化學物質被稱為環氧合酶-2(COX-2)的活性增加,產量增加。 一個高度有效的抗炎酶,COX-2在促進腫瘤生長和轉移起著舉足輕重的作用。

這是顯而易見的文章出現在“癌症研究”雜誌上發現,在胰腺癌細胞COX-2的水平是60倍,比正常胰腺cells.79 COX-2水平分別為150倍癌細胞與個人頭部和頸部癌症,從健康volunteers.80 COX-2的燃料癌細胞的生長比較正常組織受刺激形成新的血液餵養的tumor.81,82 COX-2增加癌症細胞粘附在血管壁上的船隻,83和提高癌細胞轉移的能力。 在小鼠實驗中發現,結腸癌細胞表達高水平的COX-2的自由轉移到肝臟,而COX-2的表達水平低的結腸癌細胞沒有轉移的liver.83

在該雜誌在2004年臨床癌症研究公佈的一項研究中,清楚地表明COX-2的增長和癌症的發展產生不利影響。 兩百八十八個個人接受結腸癌手術,他們的腫瘤檢測COX-2的存在。 The findings were alarming—when other factors were controlled for, the group whose cancers tested positive for the presence of COX-2 had a 311% greater risk of death compared to the group whose cancers did not express COX-2.84 A subsequent study in lung cancer patients found that those with high tumor levels of COX-2 had a median survival of only 15 months, whereas those with low tumor levels of COX-2 had a median survival of 40 months.85

鑑於這些發現,研究人員開始調查COX-2抑製劑藥物的抗癌作用。 雖然最初用於炎症性疾病,如關節炎,COX-2抑製劑藥物已被證明具有強大的抗腫瘤活性。 例如,與單純化療治療134例晚期肺癌患者或與西樂葆(COX-2抑製劑)相結合。 個人對於那些與癌症COX-2表達較高的金額,與西樂葆治療®顯著延長s​​urvival.86葆®治療也減緩癌症在男性復發性前列腺cancer.87進展

也許最令人印象深刻的顯示COX-2抑製劑藥物的抗腫瘤轉移的影響,提出了在2008年美國臨床腫瘤學會年度會議。 在這項研究中,曾採取一種COX-2抑製劑對乳腺癌的診斷後至少6個月的患者在乳腺癌骨轉移的發病率相比,乳腺癌患者骨轉移的發病率沒有採取一種COX -2抑製劑。 值得注意的是,那些與COX-2抑製劑治療的近80%不太可能比那些沒有與COX-2抑製劑drug.88治療骨轉移

非甾體類消炎藥(NSAIDs),如阿司匹林,布洛芬,COX抑製劑。 The widespread use of NSAIDs for pain and arthritis has created an ideal environment in which to examine if these drugs can prevent cancer. Large-scale studies have documented a substantial reduction in cancer risk with the use of NSAIDs. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature (91 published studies) reported that the long-term use of NSAIDs (primarily aspirin) produced risk reductions of 63% for colon cancer, 39% for breast cancer, 36% for lung cancer, 39% for prostate cancer, 73% for esophageal cancer, 62% for stomach cancer, and 47% for ovarian cancer. “This review provides compelling… evidence that regular intake of NSAIDs that… block COX-2 protects against the development of many types of cancer,” the authors concluded.89

A number of nutritional and herbal supplements are known to inhibit COX-2. These include curcumin, resveratrol, vitamin E, soy isoflavones (genistein), green tea (EGCG), quercetin, fish oil, garlic, feverfew, and silymarin (milk thistle).58,90-97

Scientists at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York created an experimentally-induced increase in COX-2 activity in human breast cells, which was completely prevented by resveratrol. Resveratol blocked the production of COX-2 within the cell, as well as blocking COX-2 enzyme activity.98

結論

A group of noted experts in the field of surgery-induced metastasis stated that cancer treatment “…necessitates the surgical excision of the primary tumor in order to relieve the patient of the major tumor burden, which is the main source of mutating and metastasizing cells. However, along with its obvious benefits, the surgical procedure has been suggested to involve serious hazards as it releases tumor cells into the circulation or lymphatics, promotes the secretion of angiogenic and growth factors, and induces suppression of CMI [immune function]. These consequences synergistically facilitate the establishment of new metastases and the development of preexisting micrometastases. As cancer-related death is most commonly the result of metastatic disease, it is crucial to minimize this facilitation.”55

Remarking further, they commented that “Taken together, it is evident that the perioperative period harbors many risks; however, it is also the ideal time for battling MRD [small numbers of cancer cells remaining after surgery] to reduce recurrence and future metastases.” Thus, these scientists believe “…it is essential to employ preventative interventions during this critical time.” Additionally, they urge that, “Ideally, each problematic aspect of surgery should be treated when oncological patients undergo resection [surgery] in order to minimize recurrence and metastatic spread.”55

Armed with the knowledge discussed in this article, the person with cancer can reap all the benefits that cancer surgery offers, while simultaneously avoiding the metastatic perils imposed by this procedure.

As this article was going to press, a dedicated team of clinical oncologists and researchers are preparing a meticulous report on the optimal doses of nutrients and drugs that a cancer patient should consider during the pre- and post-operative period. You can obtain a free copy of this report by logging on to our Cancer Surgery Special Report — http://www.lef.org/featured-articles/Cancer-Surgery-Special-Report.htm — or calling 1-800-841-5433.

If you have any question on the scientific content of this article, please call a Life Extension® Health Advisor at 1-866-864-3027.

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5 Responses to “Preventing Surgery-induced Cancer Metastasis”

  1. 頭像

    Jacqui Salazar

    Oct 31st, 2010

    I was interested in the posting from Peter McLellan, but disappointed that he mentioned that it would be less financially beneficial for the doctor and the hospital if regional anesthesia was used as opposed to general anesthesia (much more common and more accepted). Why not actually inform patients about the differences and allow them to make the decision without having the added pressure of having to think about how much “dosh” they were goiing to make out of any operation. This is obviously how most Dr's think and why we dont have a much better outcome after surgery in general.

    Jacqui

  2. 頭像

    Denis

    Dec 16th, 2009

    This was all very interesting but now I am left trying to establish how the use of low dose naltrexone might factor into some of these curative measures; it certainly seems to have some significant anti-cancer properties! Any comment on this would be much appreciated particularly as my wife is now established on her maintenace dose of ldn as a preventative supplement because she is genetically predisposed to increased risk of cancer.

  3. 頭像

    Peter MacLellan

    Dec 15th, 2009

    This article is very interesting and exciting. Work on the impact of anesthesia on the immune system has been done, in my direct knowledge, since the 1980′s, and necessarily depended on new details on how the immune system functions. As an anesthesiologist, my role has been one of enabling, but it is now apparent that it can also be therapeutic. There is increasing evidence that the choice of anesthetic can affect long term outcome for the patient receiving the anesthetic, because of the effect of anesthetic agents on the immune system.

    It may be reassuring for patients to know that this information is not only in the anesthesia literature, some of which is documented in the article, but also in Continuing Medical Education material from the American Society of Anesthesiologists. However given the long-time perception of anesthesia in the eyes of both the public and the profession as merely a means to enable surgery to take place with no or minimal pain and suffering, and also given the “production pressures” in operating rooms, there may be considerable resistance to increasing the use of regional anesthesia. Regional anesthesia tends to take longer than general anesthesia and will therefore decrease the number of cases that can be done, therefore reducing income for both the anesthesia practitioner and the institution. This is a significant barrier to overcome.

    There are also 2 significant references missing from the article which describe the possible beneficial effects on outcome of epidural anesthesia for prostate cancer surgery, and of paravertebral block for major breast cancer surgery:

    Biki B, Mascha E, Moriarity DC, et al. Anesthetic technique for radical prostatectomy surgery affects cancer recurrence: A retrospective analysis. Anesthesiology. 2008; 109:180-187.

    Exadaktylos AK, Buggy DJ, Moriarty DC, Mascha E, Sessler DI: Can anesthetic technique for primary breast cancer surgery affect recurrence or metastasis? Anesthesiology 2006; 4:660-4

    Both of these papers are retrospective, and therefore should be viewed as not definitive, but the information is very dramatic.

    Epidural anesthesia is fairly widely accepted as a modality for post-operative pain relief after radical prostatectomy, so request for it is more likely to be entertained. Paravertebral block for mastectomy is less likely to be available since most anesthesiologists do not know this technique (myself included.)

    Other factors to consider are the use of propofol infusion instead of a volatile agent (gas), since volatile agents seem to have anti-analgesic properties and lead to more post-operative narcotic use, and narcotics have immune suppression effects, inhibiting both cellular and humoral immune function in humans. There is also a small study from Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto which showed that eating a ground flax containing muffin for several weeks before breast surgery reduced tumor size (no risk – possible benefit). And of course Vitamin D3 deficiency is widespread, is easily avoided and/or corrected (10,000 units per day clearly safe over a 6 months period, therefore could easily and safely be done pre-operatively) and its correction in the wider community will prevent breast cancer occurence in some patients, which in the final analysis is the best way to avoid recurrence – prevent the disease completely.

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    德博拉

    Dec 13th, 2009

    Thank you for this article. I had surgery for breast cancer 1 1/2 years ago. I wish my doctor had given me this kind of information. I did know some of the things you mentioned from the reading that I do and i took Modified Citrus Pectin before and after my surgery.

    I also take curcumin, vitamin E, green tea (EGCG), quercetin, fish oil, garlic, Maitake D, and Avemar.

    How long do you recommend taking Modified Citrus Pectin after surgery?

    Thank you,
    德博拉

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    Catherine L. Pearson

    Dec 12th, 2009

    Thank you so much for this new info. Both my mother and sister have had breast cancer. My sister twice. They both were in their mid 40′s. I am 64, so far cancer free. I have used natural progesterone cream since menopause, try to eat healthy foods, plus use the important supplements.

    I will bookmark this study, and also share info with my family and friends.

    -Cathie

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